With The Rise Of Chiefdoms Around 7,500

Twelve Thousand Years Ago, Everybody On Earth Was A Hunter-gatherer; Now Almost All Of Us Are Farmers Or Else Are Fed By Farmers. The Spread Of Farming From Those Few Sites Of Origin Usually Did Not Occur As A Result Of The Hunter-gatherers' Elsewhere Adopting Farming; Hunter-gatherers Tend To Be Conservative.... Instead, Farming Spread Mainly Through Farmers' Outbreeding Hunters, Developing More Potent Technology, And Then Killing The Hunters Or Driving Them Off Of All Lands Suitable For Agriculture.

Biology Is The Science. Evolution Is The Concept That Makes Biology Unique.

In Fact, Everywhere In The World There Has Been A Flux Between Big And Small Societies. Big Political Units Are Constantly Being Formed, Later To Fragment. The Individual Pieces Try To Pull Apart, And Then They Join Together Again. One Sees That In Europe: There Have Been Unifications And Then Dissolutions And Reunifications. So In The Long Run, It's 10,000 Steps Toward Amalgamation Offsetting 9,999 Steps Toward Falling Apart Again. In Businesses And Industries, I Would Guess That's Also True.

The United States Has Long Thought Of Itself As The Land Of Infinite Plenty, And Historically We Did Have Abundant Resources. But Now We Are Gradually Exhausting Our Fisheries, Our Topsoil, Our Water. On Top Of That, We're Coming To The End Of World Resources.

Take Air Quality In The United States Today: It's About 30 Percent Better Than It Was 25 Years Ago, Even Though There Are Now More People Driving More Cars.