We See The World In Terms Of

Communication Across The Revolutionary Divide Is Inevitably Partial.

Groups Do Not Have Experiences Except Insofar As All Their Members Do. And There Are No Experiences... That All The Members Of A Scientific Community Must Share In The Course Of A [scientific] Revolution. Revolutions Should Be Described Not In Terms Of Group Experience But In Terms Of The Varied Experiences Of Individual Group Members. Indeed, That Variety Itself Turns Out To Play An Essential Role In The Evolution Of Scientific Knowledge.

We May... Have To Relinquish The Notion, Explicit Or Implicit, That Changes Of Paradigm Carry Scientists And Those Who Learn From Them Closer And Closer To The Truth... The Developmental Process Described In This Essay Has Been A Process Of Evolution From Primitive Beginnings-a Process Whose Successive Stages Are Characterized By An Increasingly Detailed And Refined Understanding Of Nature. But Nothing That Has Been Or Will Be Said Makes It A Process Of Evolution Toward Anything.

Research Under A Paradigm Must Be A Particularly Effective Way Of Inducing Paradigm Change.

As In Political Revolutions, So In Paradigm Choice-there Is No Standard Higher Than The Assent Of The Relevant Community... This Issue Of Paradigm Choice Can Never Be Unequivocally Settled By Logic And Experiment Alone.