Literally As Well As Metaphorically, The Man

Far From Being Magisterial In Its Objectivity, Science Was Conditioned By History, Society, And The Prejudices Of Scientists.

The Man Who Is Striving To Solve A Problem Defined By Existing Knowledge And Technique Is Not, However, Just Looking Around. He Knows What He Wants To Achieve, And He Designs His Instruments And Directs His Thoughts Accordingly. Unanticipated Novelty, The New Discovery, Can Emerge Only To The Extent That His Anticipations About Nature And His Instruments Prove Wrong... There Is No Other Effective Way In Which Discoveries Might Be Generated.

It Is, I Think, Particularly In Periods Of Acknowledged Crisis That Scientists Have Turned To Philosophical Analysis As A Device For Unlocking The Riddles Of Their Field. Scientists Have Not Generally Needed Or Wanted To Be Philosophers.

Political Revolutions Aim To Change Political Institutions In Ways That Those Institutions Themselves Prohibit. Their Success Therefore Necessitates The Partial Relinquishment Of One Set Of Institutions In Favor Of Another, And In The Interim, Society Is Not Fully Governed By Institutions At All

In Science Novelty Emerges Only With Difficulty, Manifested By Resistance, Against A Background Provided By Expectation.